Noah's Flood, and several other happenings on Earth
were probably caused by the planet Mars. I agree with Donald Patten
that the orbit of Mars was different in the past. I think starting
in (?) BC until at least the 8th century BC Mars had a very
elliptical orbit. One end of its orbit was out near the orbit of the
asteroid belt and the other end of its orbit around the Sun was near
the orbit of the Earth. So I think Mars used to pass astronomically
close to the Earth periodically until as least the 8th century BC.
There is also evidence that some of the other planets, moons, and
objects in our solar system have occasionally disturbed or even
destroyed another object in our solar system. The evidence indicates
the orbits of some planets and objects orbiting around the Sun can
and have been changed in the past. Here is a short list of some
of this evidence.
1) The global change in the calendars of the Earth. Bill Hollen has
informative articles on the change in the worlds calendars from 360
days per year prior to the 8th century BC to 365 and 1/4 days per year
at http://www.greenheart.com/billh/360.html and at
eighth.html. Also see "Catastrophism and the Old Testament" by
Donald Patten, pages 42-43. Prior to the 8th century BC I believe
the Earth had an orbit slightly closer to the Sun, as well as 360
days per year.
2) Deimos and Phobos. The two irregularly shaped satellites of Mars.
Since these satellites of Mars weren't discovered until 1877 how
did the Greeks know they existed? The Greeks knew Ares (Mars)
had two sons. They named one Phobos meaning terror or panic and
the other Deimos meaning fear.
3) Mars and its moons in Greek Mythology. In Greek mythology why
was Ares (Mars) referred to as the god of war. Why did the Greeks
say Ares (Mars) rode into war with his horses, Deimos and Phobos,
the moons of Mars?
4) Mars the war god. Why was Mars referred to as a warrior or a war
god in many cultures? I think it had nothing to do with Mars red
color. Look at some of the names Mars the war god had in various
cultures.
5) Tyr (Mars) in Norse and Greek mythology. In both cultures Mars
was a warrior or war god. In Greek mythology Ares (Mars) lost a son
Kyknos. In Norse mythology Tyr (Mars) lost a hand. I think in
ancient times Mars had a third satellite which it lost due to some
astronomical catastrophy.
6) The past water on Mars. How is it that Mars, which has hardly any
atmosphere or oxygen, and which is very cold, once had a lot of water
on its surface. Where did the water come from?
7) Mars. What caused the tremendous cratering of Mars' southern
hemisphere? Why is its northern hemisphere relatively uncratered?
8) Mars' huge crater, Hellas Planitia. What slammed into Mars? What
caused Mars to have a very large bulge, Tharsis, as well as the highest
mountain, Olympus Mons, in our solar system?
9) Comets. Why do some comets like Tempel-Tuttle and Hale-Bopp have
orbits whose one end is close to the Sun but whose other end is very
far from the Sun? Could it be the orbit of Mars in the past also had
more orbital eccentricity?
10) Venus and Uranus. Why do Venus and Uranus have a retrograde or CW
spin instead of a CCW spin like the Sun and the rest of the planets?
11) Triton. Why does Triton, Neptune's biggest moon, orbit CW around
Neptune, instead of CCW like all the other moons? What happened to
cause Triton to orbit in a reverse direction?
12) Saturn. Why are there rings around the planet Saturn? Are the
rings the remains of an icy satellite that got too close to Saturn
when it was pulled apart due to "Roches Limit?"
13) Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune. Why do the planets Jupiter, Uranus
and Neptune also have rings around them? Were each of them approached
by comets or asteroids, which were pulled apart into many small pieces
by the larger planets, resulting in the rings around the planets?
14) The asteroid belt. Is the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter the
remains of a planet that got too close to a bigger planet?
15) Nereid's orbit. Why does Nereid, one of Neptune's moons, have a
very elliptical orbit?
16) Jupiter and Io's arc. Why is there a huge arc of ions and
electrons flowing between Jupiter and its satellite Io?
Io is about 422,000 km from Jupiter. Here is some
more information on the Io torus.
17) The severe tilt of some of the planets. Notice the strange orbit
of Pluto compared to the other planets.
18) "Migrating Planets" by Renu Malhotra in "Scientific America."
This article presents evidence that some of the planets in our solar
system have not always been in their present orbits.
19) Phobos and Deimos, the two satellites of Mars mentioned in 1735 by
Jonathan Swift over 100 years before telescopes were developed enough
for Asaph Hall to detect them in 1877. How was Jonathan Swift in
"Gulliver's Travels" on about the 18th page of part 3 able to describe
fairly accurately the orbital periods of Phobos and Deimos and their
distances from Mars? Mr. Swift said the innermost satellite had
an orbital period of 10 hours and was 3 Mars' diameters from the
center of Mars. If Phobos' orbital period was 10 hours, it would be
3.3 Mars' radii (not 3 diameters) from Mars. Phobos' orbital period is
currently 7.65 hours and it is 2.7 Mars radii from the center of Mars.
Jonathan Swift also wrote that the outermost satellite was 5 Mars'
diameters from Mars with an orbital period of 21 and 1/2 hours. If
Deimos's orbital period was 21 and 1/2 hours it would be 5.5 Mars' radii
(vice 5 diameters) from the center of Mars. The present orbital period
of Deimos is 30.3 hours and it is 6.9 radii from Mars. Swift also
mentioned the law about the square of their periods equaling their
distances cubed. But he seems to have mistakenly used the word diameters
instead of radii. In "The Annotated Gulliver's Travels" Asimov speculated
that Jonathan Swift protrayed Mars as having two moons because of Kepler's
guess that it did. Isaac Asimov also figured Swift guessed that the reason
we couldn't see Mars' satellites was because they orbited too close to Mars
for us to see them. However, why were Jonathan Swift's guesses so close
to the truth? I think Mr. Patten is correct that Swift may have discovered a
record of the orbital periods of Phobos and Deimos someone made eons
ago when Mars had one of its encounters with the Earth.
20) Almost all rocks in the crust of the Earth have microcracks. Are
these microcracks there partly as a result of the Earth interacting
with Mars?
21) There is evidence that several civilizations in Earth's past were
suddenly sunk and or destroyed. Is there a sunken city off the coast
of Cuba? Graham Hancock's website about lost civilizations. More floods?
Ancient and Lost Civilizations. Mark Isaak's Flood Stories from around
the World.
22) Underground cities in Turkey that may have began to be built around
11,500 B.C. to protect people from freezing. Were these cities built as
a result of an ice age brought on by Noah's "erets" flood?
23) Did the Poles shift rapidly several times in the past? Could the
interaction of Mars with the Earth have caused the Poles to shift?
By the way, copyright 1998-2015 by Wayne Mckellips. Last updated 24 July
2015. I will try and correct any errors as soon as possible. I believe I'm right
on this but realize I may not be correct in the details of how everything
happened. Please copy and share but don't sell. You do not have
permission to mirror this article or site on the Internet.
Before I go on, I'd like to say a word about the Bible and our theories
about what the Bible says or means. The religious leaders in Jesus's
day thought they understood the prophecies concerning the Messiah and
other things correctly and they were often wrong. So we Christians
shouldn't fall into the err of thinking we're infallible. God and his
word as originally given are infallible. But, we humans are all capable
of jumping to wrong conclusions. Remember that the religious and scientific
leaders just a few hundred years ago insisted the Earth was flat and the
center of the universe? We must not make the Bible say something it does
not say. A weather person today might say, "The Sun will rise at 6:05
tomorrow morning." Is he trying to convince us the Sun orbits around
the Earth? No! He's just using a common expression. When reading and
interpreting the Bible, let's give the same curtesy to the writers
of the Bible that we give to the weather people.
In the past, when Mars encountered the Earth, I think Mars usually
orbited the Earth two and a quarter times, in a nearly geosynchronous,
yet very elliptical orbit, . As Mars began its third orbit it was evidently
the position of the moon, on the far side of the Earth, nearly directly
across from Mars, as Mars approached its closest point to Earth, that
finally pulled Mars close enough to the Earth that it reached escape
velocity and broke free of Earth's gravity. Mars physically caused
Noah's flood. When Mars caused Noah's flood, I believe Mars orbited the
Earth 150 times before the Earth was finally positioned so the massive
gravity of Jupiter pulled Mars close enough to the Earth, as Mars
approached its closest point, that Mars reached escape velocity and
proceeded on free of Earth's gravity. Note, The Blue Letter Bible or
The World Wide Study Bible is a good place to look up listed
Bible verses. Genesis 7:11-12,19-24; 8:2-4,14-16,22; 9:3,13. Joshua
10:10-13. 2nd Samuel 24:13-25. 2nd Kings 20:11. 1st Chronicles
21:11-27. Isaiah 24:1,19-20; 31:4-8; 37:6-7, 33-37; 38:8.
Why do I think it took Mars over 24 hours to travel pass by the earth?
Once again I'd like to thank Donald Patten for pointing out that God
periodically used Mars to accomplish his purposes. I agree with Mr.
Patten that 1st Chronicles 21:11-27 and 2nd Samuel 24:13-25 pertain
to a time when Mars came near the Earth. For a sin he'd committed,
King David chose to be punished by God for three days. An angel of
Jehovah stood between earth and heaven and used his sword for three
days to bring pestilence or death throughout the territory or coast
of Israel. Remember, angel can mean messenger. So Mars was probably
the angel or messenger God used at this time. I agree with Donald
Patten that there was an electrical discharge flowing
between the Earth and Mars, which was much stronger than the one
between Jupiter and Io, today. As the two huge spinning electro
magnetic generators passed each other, a huge arc of electricity
began flowing between them once they got close enough. The text in
2nd Samuel 24:15 tells us the pestilence, or electrical discharge,
or sword of the Lord, started in the morning. 2nd Samuel 24:13
and 1st Chronicles 21:12 says the pestilence would last for 3 days.
Three days could mean a full three days or part of a day, a full day,
and another part of a day. According to the text the pestilence or
lightening between Mars and Israel must have lasted between say 26
and 72 hours. I think it lasted around 54 hours. But how could that
be? The Earth makes a complete rotation every 24 hours. Wouldn't
Israel have turned away from Mars in just a few hours? Not
necessarily. Not if Mars began a very fast nearly geosynchronous orbit
around the Earth. Mars must have passed between the moon and
the Earth a couple times. I think Mars made two and a quarter orbits
around the center of gravity of the Earth-Mars system, then reached
escape velocity and managed to pull free shortly after it completed
its second orbit around the Earth. I will explain what happened to
Deimos and Phobos, Mars' two satellites, while this was happening.
In Exodus 10:22-23 the Sun's light may have been blocked from
reaching most of Egypt, but not Goshen, for three days by Mars as it
sped around the Earth in a nearly geosynchronous orbit two and a
quarter times, back in Moses times.
Why didn't Mars produce huge Earth destroying tides when it was so close?
First, tides in the deep oceans do not travel around the Earth. Instead,
they move around in circles. Tides run more parallel with continent
shelves instead of running headon into the continents. The fastest waves
in the water can travel is around 800 km/hr or 500 mph. The moving bulge the
moon causes in the Earth's crust does travel around the Earth.
Generally speaking, tides in the deep seas North and South
of the equator circle CCW (counter clockwise) and CW (clockwise)
respectively. The height and even speed of a tide can change a lot as
the water depth becomes more shallow.
The difference in the gravitation pull of the moon on the center of the
Earth (point A) versus its pull on the the surface of the Earth closest
to it (point B) and furtherest from it (point C) causes the crust of the
Earth facing and opposite the moon to be raised up several cm.
When Mars was very close to the Earth it caused two tremendous bulges
on the Earth. Sometimes these two bulges were stationary and sometimes
they were moving around the Earth. The difference in the gravational
attraction at points A, B, and C is what pushed in the sides of the
Earth and stretched out the magma and core, under the crust of the
Earth, facing and directly opposite Mars. I think, the land directly
under and opposite Mars was raised up so high that the water from the
oceans could not flood it. However, not all areas of the Earth were
safe from flooding. See (21) in the first part of this article. When
Noah's "erets" flood occurred, I believe Mars was positioned in a
nearly geostationary orbit. I think Mars at that time approximately 150
orbits. I explain my reasoning in my article, "Why I think Noah's "erets"
flood occurred around 9,600 BC and ended in Turkey." I believe water
poured in from the Atlantic Ocean into the Aegean, and Mediterranean
seas and then over the Mountains of Turkey as the incoming water
naturally sought to level out. The Aegean Sea is West of Turkey and the
Mediterranean Sea is South of Turkey. I think the water from these seas
filled the country of Turkey up with water. I also think a year after the
flood commenced, Noah's ark was found to have landed
at the base of Mt. Judi, at an elevation of 6,000 feet.
The mountains of Ararat, refer to an area not a specific mountain.
2nd Kings 19:3. Jeremiah 51:27. Genesis 7:10-8:19. The flood waters
went down when Noah's ark was in Turkey. However, when the flood
waters first lifted Noah's ark up, the ark may have been in Turkey,
or Spain, or even South America. If Mars orbited the Earth 150 times
it's possible Noah's ark was first lifted up thousands of miles from
Turkey and carried by the moving water daily towards Turkey! If the
tidal bulge moved northeastward from the West coast of South America
towards Turkey, it must have moved around 7,500 miles in either 40 or 150
days. If this movement occurred in 40 days that means the tidal bulge
moved NE at almost 8 mph. If it took 150 days for the ark to move from
say Bolivia to Turkey the tidal bulge velocity was NE at just over 2 mph.
I think it took 150 days.
How large a bulge did Mars cause the Earth to experience?
Who do you think has a stronger gravational pull on the Earth? The moon
or the Sun? The Sun does. Force = (universal gravity constant times mass of
one in kg, times mass of two) divided by (radius in meters, squared).
Universal gravity constant = 6.67390 exponent -11. At 3.509
e 22 newtons the Sun's gravational pull is more than 177 times greater
than the moon's pull of 1.982 e 20 newtons. That's why we orbit the Sun
instead of the moon. In this article I'll probably use 6.6737 e -11 as
the value for (G) or universal gravitational constant. However, it is
believed we only accurately know the value of (G) to the first 3 digits.
However, the moon's ability to raise up tides in the oceans or produce
a bulge in the crust of the Earth facing the moon is greater than the Sun's.
Why? Because the ability to cause a bulge in the surface of the Earth facing
and opposite the moon or to raise up tides is caused by the difference in
gravitational pull the moon has on the closest and furtherest part of the Earth
verses its pull on the core of the Earth. The Sun is many times more massive
than the moon. But, because the Sun is so far away the difference in the Sun's
gravitational pull on the center of the Earth compared to its pull on the part of
the Earth closest to it, is less than the difference in the moon's pull at the two
points.
A Christian author on the internet was kind enough to explain to me how
one can determine how much of a tidal bulge the Sun or the moon, etc.,
can cause the Earth to experience. I am deeply endebted to him for
explaining it to me. However, the unorthodox ideas and any mistakes in the
following paragraphs are not his.
Using the Earth's radius for comparison, we'll have to determine the
difference in the gravitational attraction of a particle in the Earth's
core (point A) to Mars, compared to how much a particle of matter on the
surface of the Earth directly under Mars (point B) was attracted to Mars.
The Earth's radius = 6,378 km. Let's use 43,623,058 meters as the
average distance of Mars from the Earth in a geosynchronous orbit. Let's
use 19,693 km as the closest Mars got to the Earth. I'll explain
why I think that's correct later, and what I think happened to Deimos and
Phobos. Mass of Earth = 5.972 e 24 kg. Mass Mars = 6.4219 e 23 kg. First,
we'll compute the crustal deformation the Earth experienced when Mars was
43,623 kilometers from the Earth. Then we'll figure out how much the crust
of the Earth was distorted when Mars was 19,693 km from the Earth.
First, using the Earth's radius for comparison, we'll determine the
gravitational attraction of a particle in the Earth's core (point A) for
Mars. Let's determine how many Earth radii the core of Mars was from the
core of the Earth. 43,623/6,378 = 6.8396. Gravational attraction
decreases by four times whenever the distance between two planetary bodies
is doubled. Ignoring mass, the easiest way to figure out how much a
molecule near point A was attracted to Mars as compared to how much it
was attracted to the Earth's core is to square 6.8396 then invert that
number. 6.8396 squared then inverted is 1/46.7802. The mass of Mars is
1/9.2994 that of the Earth. So multipling 1/46.7802 times 1/9.2994 we
find the gravational attraction of a molecule near point A for Mars
was 1/435.0277 that of its attraction for the core of the Earth.
A particle at point B is only 5.8396 radii of the Earth distant from Mars but
it is one radius of the Earth distant from the Earth's center. Discounting
mass, we square 5.8396 then invert that number and discover its gravational
attraction to Mars compared to its attraction to the Earth was 1/34.1009.
Substracting 46.7802 - 34.1009 we find the difference in the attraction of
point A to Mars is 12.6793 less than the attraction of point B to Mars.
Solving for 12.6793/46.7802 = 1/X we get 1/3.6895. Thus the difference in
attraction of Mars for points A and B is 1/3.6895 times 1/435.0277 =
1/1605.0347. Dividing 6,378,000 meters by 1605.0347 we find the crust of
the Earth bulged out 3973.7 meters toward Mars at point B.
What was the crustal deformation of the Earth when Mars was 19,693 km
from the Earth? Again, using the Earth's radius for comparison, we'll
determine the gravitational attraction of a particle in the Earth's
core (point A) for Mars. How many Earth radii was the core of Mars from
the core of the Earth? 19,693/6,378 = 3.0876. Because of the decrease in
gravational attraction whenever the distance is doubled we will square
3.0876 then invert that number. We get 1/9.53355. Now we will multiply
by the mass of Mars compared to the Earth. 1/9.5335 times 1/9.2994 =
1/88.65629. So we find the gravational attraction of a particle near
point A for Mars was 1/88.65629 that of its attraction for the core of
the Earth.
When Mars was 19,693 km away, a particle at point B was only 2.0876 Earth
radii away from Mars. Ignoring mass, we square 2.0876 then invert that
number and discover its gravational attraction to Mars compared to its
attraction to the Earth was 1/4.35807. Substracting 9.53355 - 4.35807
we find the difference in the attraction of point A to Mars is 5.17548
less than the attraction of point B to Mars. Solving for 5.17548/9.53355 =
1/X we get 1/1.84206. Thus, the difference in attraction of Mars for
points A and B is 1/1.84206 times 1/88.65629 = 1/163.1506. Dividing
6,378,000 meters by 163.1506 we find the crust of the Earth bulged out
39,092.7 meters toward Mars at point B. 39.093 km times .6214 tells us
the Earth bulged out just over 24.2 miles toward Mars when Mars was its
closest to the Earth.
Why doesn't the Earth have a 24 mile bulge? The bulge was spread out
over thousands of miles. Remember, Mars caused the sides of the Earth
to be pushed in, while it stretched out the magma and core, under the
crust of the Earth, facing and directly opposite Mars. Unlike the
mountains, the bulge wasn't noticable from the surface of the Earth.
10 km or 6.214 miles to the right and left of point B the bulge would
have been approximately 90.3 meters or .056 miles less than the bulge
at point B. Remember, the points 10 km to the right and left of point
B were also 10+ km further from the core of Mars than point B was.
Just as the gravity of the moon creates a bulge in the Earth but doesn't
permanently change the shape of the Earth or its crust so did Mars.
Just as the bulge the moon creates disappears as the moon moves around the
Earth so did the bulge Mars created. It gradually disappeared as Mars pulled
away from the Earth and both planets continued turning.
Here are some more figures. Earth's distance from center of the Sun =
150,295,000,000 meters. The center of the moon to the center of the Earth =
an average of 384,400,000 meters. Mass of Sun = 1.989 e 30 kg. Mass of Earth =
5.972 e 24 kg. Mass moon = 7.35 e 22 kg. Mass Mars = 6.4219 e 23 kg.
Why didn't Mars lose Deimos, its outermost satellite?
I think Mars did lose Deimos. But only for about 54 hours.
Deimos's mass is 1.8 e 15 kg and it orbits 23,459 km from Mars.
Deimos orbits Mars in 21 and 1/2 hours. The force holding Deimos to Mars
is 1.40183 e 17 newtons. The formula is gravity constant times mass Mars
in kg's times mass Deimos divided by radius of Deimos from Mars in meters
squared. The Earth would have the same amount of force on Deimos when
Deimos was almost 71,538 km from the Earth. At that distance it would
take Deimos a little over 52.9 hours to orbit the Earth once. Mars
circled the Earth almost 2 and 1/4 times while Deimos circled the Earth
once. At that point Mars recaptured Deimos and proceeded on around the
Sun with Deimos. Remember Deimos had an elliptical orbit as it orbited
the Earth.
I don't think this slight interruption would prevent Deimos from
being tidally locked to Mars.
What happened to Phobos, Mars inner satellite?
Phobos's mass is 1.08 e 16 kg. It orbits 9,378 km from Mars every 10
hours. The force holding Phobos to Mars is 5.262 e 15 newtons.
The Earth would not be able to capture Phobos from Mars until it
was around 28,598 km from the Earth. I see two possibilities here.
(1) Phobos was always far enough away from the Earth that the Earth
couldn't and didn't capture it. (2) As Mars approached the Earth
Phobos was captured by the Earth when it was around 28,598 km from
the Earth's center. At that distance it would take Phobos 13.369
hours to orbit the Earth. Phobos made four trips around the Earth
while Mars made around 2 and 1/4 trips. At that point Mars recaptured
Phobos and Deimos and having reached escape velocity Mars proceeded
on orbiting the Sun once again. In a couple paragraphs, you'll see
the formula you can use to compute the orbital period.
How far was Mars from the Earth and how fast did Mars orbit the
Earth-Mars barycenter?
Using Kepler's 3rd law, scientists tell us a satellite would have to be
42,164 km away from the center of the Earth to have a geosynchronous
orbit around the Earth. The point the satellite orbits is the center
of the Earth, not the surface of the Earth.
How far would Mars have to be from the center of the Earth to have a
geosynchronous orbit around the Earth? The formula to compute this is
Orbital period squared = {[(pi squared) times four] times (distance cubed)}
divided by [(mass body one plus the mass of body two) times the
universal gravitational constant]. You can rearrange this formula
to compute radius or mass. Distance cubed = {[(mass body one
plus the mass of body two) times the universal gravitational constant]
times (orbital period squared)} divided by [(pi squared) times four].
Mass body one plus mass body two = [(distance cubed) times (pi squared)
times 4] divided by [universal gravitational constant times (orbital
period squared)]. For this formula orbital period is in seconds. Mass
is in kilograms. Distance is the meters from the center of one body to
the center of the second body. According to a nasa web site at
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/satellites/sidereal.html
there are 86,164 seconds in a sidereal earth day. I used 5.972 e 24
for the Earth's mass, and 6.4219 e 23 as Mars' mass.
Pluging in the numbers, I found out Mars would need to be 43,623,058
meters from the Earth to have a geosynchronous orbit around the Earth.
However, unlike a satellite, Mars did not orbit around the center of the
Earth. Mars orbited around the center of mass, or the barycenter, of the
Earth-Mars system. Exactly 180 degrees away, and through the barycenter,
the Earth also orbited around the center of mass, or the barycenter,
of the Earth-Mars system. Due to the way this works, the center of Mars
was always the distance of Mars from the barycenter plus the distance
of Earth from the barycenter away from the Earth.
The mass of the Earth times the radius of the Earth to the barycenter
= mass of Mars times radius of Mars to the barycenter. Substituting,
we find the mass of the Earth over the mass of Mars = radius of Mars
to the Barycenter over the radius of the Earth to the Barycenter.
Adding Earth's mass to Mars mass we get a total mass of 6.61419 e 24.
Now the formula we'll use is total mass over the Earth's mass = 100
over X. This will tell us what percent of the total mass is the Earth's.
After we get the answer we'll need to move the decimal point over two
places to the left. Multipling 6.61419 e 24 times 100 then dividing by
5.972 e 24 then moving the decimal point two places to the left we find
the portion of the total mass that is due to the Earth is .9029. Multipling
43,623,058 meters times .9029 we find the average distance of Mars to
the Earth-Mars barycenter was 39,387,259 meters.
To compute Mars average orbital velocity we need to take two times pi
times radius (to the barycenter) and divide that by 86,164 seconds.
Doing that we find out the average velocity of Mars was 2,872.1675762369
meters/sec.
How was Mars able to reach escape velocity and break free of Earth's gravity?
Kepler's 2nd law tells us Mars would mark out equal area's of space
during equal periods of time as it orbited the Earth. This tells us
the velocity of Mars increased above 2,872.167 m/sec as it got closer to
the Earth in its elliptical orbit. Likewise, Mars velocity decreased
as it got further away from the Earth in its elliptical orbit.
Mars orbited the Earth just over two times before it escaped from Earth's
gravity so it had to be traveling just under the velocity it would
need to reach to escape from Earth's gravity. To find the escape
velocity multiply two times the gravitational constant (6.6739
exponent -11) times the mass in kg of the larger body. Divide that by
the distance to the larger body's center in meters, and lastly compute
the square root of that answer. Surprisingly, the mass of the body
that's trying to escape is not part of this formula. The final answer
will be the escape velocity in meters per second. Two times the
gravitational constant times the mass of the Earth is 7.97130616 e 14.
To compute Mars' actual velocity, I divided 39,387,259 by the
radius I was interested in, to see what percent above or below
2,872.1675762369 m/s, the velocity of Mars was when it was that
radius from the barycenter of the Earth-Mars system. I then
multiplied that percent by 2,872.1675762369 m/s to see what the
actual velocity of Mars was when it was that radius from its
orbiting center.
When Mars was 19,694 km distant from the Earth's center, the actual
velocity of Mars was 6,361.97 m/s just short of its escape velocity
of 6,362.06 m/sec. However, when Mars was 19,693 km away from
the Earth's center, Mars' was only 17,780,809.7 meters from its
orbital center. Its actual velocity 6,362.29 m/s was finally
more than its escape velocity of 6,362.22 m/s. So Mars broke free
of the hold Earth's gravity had on it, and Mars continued on,
orbiting around the Sun. Remember, you use the radius to
the center of the Earth from the center of Mars when computing
escape velocity. But, you use the distance from the center of Mars
to the Earth-Mars barycenter when calculating Mars' actual velocity.
What was the velocity of the Earth around the Earth-Mars barycenter?
43,623,058 times 1-.9029, or .0971 = 4,235,799 meters. That times
2 times pi divided by 86,164 seconds tells us the average velocity of
the Earth around the Earth-Mars center of gravity was 308.9 m/sec.
19,694,000 times .0971 = 1,912,887. 4,235,798.9 divided by 1,912,887
= 2.215. That times 308.9 tells us the Earth was orbiting the Earth-Mars
barycenter at about 684 m/s when Mars was its closest to the Earth.
The average velocity of the Earth as it orbits the Sun is 29.92 km/sec.
It's possible the moon's position was such that as Mars began its
third orbit the gravity of the moon was enough of an assist that
Mars approached the Earth so close that it was able to reach
escape velocity.
Did Mars get within Roche's limit of the Earth? No!
Roche's limit for the Earth to Mars is 2.456 times [the cubed root of
{the Earth's density (5515) divided by Mars' density (3940)] times
the Earth's radius. I get the Earth-Mars Roche's limit as being 17,522
km. Roche's limit for the Earth is the closest a moon's or planet's
center can get to the center of the Earth without being tore apart by
the Earth's gravity. Mars never got closer than 19,693 km to the
Earth's center.
When the Earth had 360 days what was its distance and velocity?
When the Earth had 360 days per year it would have been an average of
around 148,170,874,459 meters from the Sun.The Earth's average velocity
would have been around 29,931 m/sec. Remember, circumference = radius
times 2 times pi. Area of a circle = radius squared times pi. You can
multiply kilometers times .6214 to convert to miles.
What caused Mars to have so much more mass on its South Hemisphere?
I agree with Donald Patten that Mars got too close to the planet that
once comprised what we now call the asteroid belt between Mars and
Jupiter. I believe in the past when Mars was turned over 90 degrees,
the stronger gravity of Mars pulled the smaller planet apart into many
small pieces once they got within Roches limit of each other. Many of
the small pieces collided with Mars smashing into its Southern
Hemisphere instead of its equator, since it was flipped over 90 degrees.
As I said before, that is why the Southern Hemisphere of Mars has a quite
a bit more mass than its Northern Hemisphere. That is also why
the South Hemisphere of Mars has about three more miles of matter than
the North Hemisphere. I think this event happened within the last
few thousand years instead of millions of years ago. If it
happened millions of years ago, it seems the wind on Mars would have
worn away the craters on Mars.
What caused the Hellas Planitia crater and the Tharsis bulge on Mars?
I agree with Donald Patten that both the Hellas Planitia and Tharsis
were formed when an asteroid hit Mars. The center of the Hellas Planitia
crater is around 41.5 degrees South and 72.5 degrees Longitude. Hellas
Planitia is a crater several miles deep and over 1000 miles across. I
believe Hellas Planitia was formed when an asteroid smashed into Mars.
Naturally, like a bullet the asteroid tried to ram its way through the
planet. It didn't make it all the way through but it did produce a bulge
called Tharsis, on the other side of the planet. Tharsis is around 6
miles high and over 2000 miles across. Like a bullet, the entry wound
was smaller than the protuding exit wound. You can view a good
Topography map of Mars with these two locations at
http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/tharsis/Mars_topography_from_MOLA/
The center of Tharsis is around -107.5 degrees Longitude and 25 degrees
South. Tharsis is around 180 degrees from Hellas Planitia in an East
West direction. However, the Latitude center of Tharsis is around 16.5
degrees North of the Latitude center of Hellas Planitia. Why? I believe
it's because the asteroid that hit Mars forming these two places did so
long after Mars was flipped over 90 degrees and the three miles of
matter was added to its Southern Hemisphere. To get an idea of what
happened on paper or in your mind extend the Southern Latitude lines
of Mars out far beyond the planet. Notice, if the asteroid came in on
the 41.5 degrees South Latitude line it would have produced an exiting
bulge on that same Latitude line. The incoming asteroid must have
been angled slightly North to produce a bulging exit 16.5 degrees North
of 41.5 degrees South. Evidently the asteroid was moving in a South to
North direction. The asteroid may have been orbiting Mars in a South to
North orbit when Mars was spinning vertically. Or Mars may have been
turned over 90 degrees spinning horizontally when the slowly orbiting
asteroid fell into the Southern Hemisphere of Mars heading slightly
toward the North Pole. I think the asteroid that fell into Mars may
have been partly or largely composed of ice and may have been the son
Mars lost in Greek mythology and the hand Mars lost in Norse mythology.
Where did all the water on Mars come from?
I agree with Donald Patten that the water on Mars came from an external
source. I also agree with Mr. Patten that the water was deposited on
Mars fairly recently. I think it's possible the asteroid that hit Mars
forming Hellas Planitia and Tharsis may have been partly or even largely
composed of ice. I suppose that would make it more of a comet. The
American Geophysical Union recently held a meeting in San Francisco.
Among other things they talked about the huge amount
of water that once was on Mars. The question was raised as to where the
liquid water on Mars came from. Evidence was presented that Mars did not
have evidence of a shoreline where they thought it would be.
In his book "Catastrophism and the Old Testament" Donald Patten presents
pretty convincing evidence that the water on Mars was deposited fairly
recently and its evidence was visibly demonstrated to many people in the
Old Testament. You can order Patten's books through Patten's web
site at: http://www.eskimo.com/~dwpatten/index.html
Or you can write him at:
Pacific Meridian Publishing Company
13540 39th Ave N.E.
Seattle WA 98125
During what part of the year did these encounters occur?
The evidence at "Joshua's Long Day" and other writings have led me to
believe the encounters between Mars and the Earth took place
during the spring and or fall equinox. Here is a good
illustration of the equinoxes and solstices.
What could cause the Earth to change the direction it orbits the Sun?
Why would a person think the Earth ever changed the direction it orbits
the Sun? To my surprise, Andrew Bennet author of "Joshua's Long Day,"
kindly told me he has not seen the stars we now see in the South
hemisphere depicted in the old archeology found in the North hemisphere.
However, he has seen the North hemisphere stars illustrated in (some)
Egyptian tombs. That's what we'd expect. However, in some tombs the stars
are reversed! He mentioned the stars in the tomb of Senmut are depicted
opposite of what they are today! They are shown in the order we'd see them
if the Earth was orbiting the Sun in the clockwise direction instead of the ccw
direction. He also cited a papyrus which led me to conclude the seasons
were suddenly reversed. It seems that they were expecting Summer but
instead they got the winter season. Also he cites evidence the at least once
the Sun rose in the West!
I believe Andrew Bennett's "Joshua's Long Day" site does have
evidence that the direction the Earth orbits the Sun has changed.
So what could have caused the earth to change the direction it
orbits the sun?
Here's my idea of when and how the Earth changed the direction it orbits
the Sun, if it actually did. Just for the record, I think it did, several times.
If you were able to go to the North star and view the Earth orbiting the
Sun you would see the Earth curving first to the right and then to the left
and then back to the right, etc, in a sine wave pattern as the moon circles
around it as the Earth proceeds around the Sun. It takes the Earth
almost a month to complete one sine wave and during that time it
travels about 1/12th of its way around the Sun. Back when Mars was
orbiting the Earth you would have seen the Earth complete a much
bigger sine wave in 86,164 seconds. The cut back
through the center of the Earth's orbit around the Sun would have appeared
much closer to 90 degrees. Questions: (1) What force could have
caused this to happen? (2) What about the velocity of the Earth around the
Sun. Actually, the Earth orbits the Sun because its velocity traveling
straight past the Sun matches its velocity traveling straight toward
the Sun.
Possible answers: (2) The velocity of the Earth, about 30 km/sec, would have
to have continued. It's possible that velocity was directed in a circle or
arc pattern first up and away from the Sun then made to circle or arc
backward so the Earth ended up orbiting the Sun in a reverse orbit.
(1) Force = mass times acceleration. Acceleration is a change in velocity.
We know the approximate velocity of the Earth as it and Mars both orbited
around the Earth-Mars barycenter when Mars reached its closest point to
the Earth. But what was Earth's acceleration at that point? The force
holding the Earth to the Sun is 3.509 e 22 newtons. A simple acceleration
of .01 meters/sec/sec would produce a force of 5.972 e 22 newtons. Notice,
that would be larger than the Sun's force! But how large was the force
produced by Mars on the Earth and how long did it last?
Earlier we found out when Mars was 19,694 km distant from the Earth's
center, the actual velocity of Mars was 6,361.97 m/s. At that distance
Mars was only 17,782 km from its orbital center. 19,694 times .9029 equals
17,782. Dividing 39,387 km by 17,782 km we find the difference was 2.215.
Multipling 39,387 km by 2.215 we find the maximum distance of Mars from the
Earth-Mars barycenter was around 87,242 km. Dividing Mars average velocity
2,872 m/s by 2.215 we also find the velocity of Mars at that distance was
approximately 1,297 m/s. Substracting 1,297 from 6,362 we find Mars change
in velocity was 5,065 m/s. Dividing that by 43,082 the number of seconds
in half a sidereal day we find out the change in velocity or the
acceleration was .11756 m/s/s.
But what was the change in Earth's velocity around the Earth-Mars barycenter,
during that same time period? Earth's acceleration around the Earth-Mars
barycenter was normally approximately .11756 times .0971 which is .011415
m/s/s. Remember, mass times acceleration = force. The mass of the Earth
5.972 e 24 kg times acceleration .011415 m/s/s equals 6.817038 e 22 newtons.
That force, was almost twice the force holding the Earth to the Sun! It lasted
for half a day or 43,082 seconds! That force became even greater as
the moon apparently pulled Mars close enough to the Earth so Mars was able to
reach escape velocity. The closer Mars was pulled to the Earth the greater the
velocity of Mars! The greater the velocity of Mars as it orbited the Earth,
the greater the acceleration and thus the force on the Earth.
Remember, the average velocity of the Earth as it orbits the Sun is 29.92
km/sec.
Dieter Egger has a calculator which shows you a visual representation
of our solar system for any Julian date you put in it. It takes
Jupiter almost 12 earth years to orbit the Sun. It looks to me like
Jupiter has to orbit the Sun 48 times for its position relation to
the Earth and Sun on a specific month and day to be the same. That
would be 504 Earth years.
Jupiter's tremendous gravitational pull on the Earth and Mars increases
greatly as it gets closer to them. Jupiter is so massive that if you
put all the other planets and their duplicates in our solar system
together, Jupiter would still be slightly more massive than them.
Is it possible that twice every five hundred and some years, Jupiter
was able to exert a large enough pull on Mars as it approached and
reached escape velocity, that its temporarily sustained acceleration
caused the Earth to also temporarily accelerate enough that the Earth
arc'd away from the Sun then back on its orbit?
If the Earth had 290 days prior to the flood it was an average of
128,280,263,119 meters from the Sun. When Mars was orbiting the Earth
and when the Earth was its closest to Jupiter the pull of Jupiter on
the Earth would have been 1.792 e 18 newtons. The pull of Jupiter on
Mars would have been 1.927 e 17 newtons. The pull of Jupiter on Mars
and the Earth would have been 1.945 times greater when the Earth was
its closest to Jupiter then when the Earth was its greatest distance
from Jupiter.
If the Earth had 360 days prior to Mars last interaction with the Earth
it was an average of 148,170,874,459 meters from the center of the Sun.
At its closest point Jupiter's force on the Earth would have been
1.907 e 18 newtons. Its pull on Mars would have been 2.050 e 17 newtons.
That pull would have been 2.16 times greater then the pull when Jupiter
was its furtherest from the Earth Mars system.
Remember, the Sun's pull on the Earth is 3.509 e 22 newtons.
The moon's pull on the Earth is 1.982 e 20 newtons. In considering the
gravitational pull of Jupiter we are just looking at a force that would
cause the orbiting Mars to swing closer to the Earth at the closest
point of its elliptical orbit. This was caused by an increase in the
gravational pull of Jupiter and sometimes the moon on Mars and the Earth
as well as a change in the direction Jupiter or the moon was pulling Mars
and the Earth. Sometimes Jupiter was effectively pulling Mars and the
Earth toward it and together.
Did a small satellite of Mars crash into the Earth?
When Noah's flood occurred it's possible Mars had a very small
satellite that got on a collusion course with Earth. That satellite
may have been torn apart by the overpowering gravity of Earth.
If the force that resulted from its pieces impacting the Earth equaled
more than 1000 megatons of TNT going off and
disrupting our atmosphere Earth would have experienced
"its first ice age in recent times." The reason I say "its
first ice age in recent times" is explained in "Why I think Noah's
quick "erets" flood occurred 9,600 BC or so." There is an article by
Flavio Barbiero which presents some evidence that 11,600 years ago some
astronomical catastrophy happen that caused our last recent ice age and
the Magnetic Poles of the Earth to shift. "The FLOOD" Appendix B and "The
Curse" Appendix A have more scientific evidences supporting the idea
that Noah's Flood occurred around 12,000 years ago.
An asteroid around 1 km in diameter could possibly destroy all human
life on earth!
This satellite visitor may also be one of the reasons Earth
experienced a Carbon-14 plateau around 10,000 years Preboreal.
Note that the longevity of the patriarchs before the flood
may have been caused by a plant. How so? The ends of our chromosomes
are capped by telomeres. Normal cells cannot divide unless their
telomeres are long enough. Normal aging reduces the length of a
chromosome's telomeres. Eventually, the telomeres become too short for
the cell to recognize them. Then the cell dies without being replaced.
The enzyme telomerase, when coded for by the cell, helps keep and restore
telomeres to their proper length. Before Noah's "erets" flood this
special plant many have supplied or activated the enzyme telomerase.
After the flood, this plant may have become more scarce and thus less
eaten, until the use of it stopped. It's also possible the plant supplied
compounds like CoQ10 which have powerful antiaging properties.
Looking at the references from ancient literature, including the
Bible which Mr. Patten references and quotes causes me to conclude
that Mars did have a number of fairly close encounters with the Earth
resulting in Noah's flood, an electrical discharge which killed many,
and the hills and mountains jumping up and down.
You can order Fasold's book and Patten's books through Patten's web
site at: http://www.eskimo.com/~dwpatten/index.html
Or you can write him at:
Pacific Meridian Publishing Company
13540 39th Ave N.E.
Seattle WA 98125
Plato's writings seem to suggest Noah's flood was around 9600 BC.
However, Donald Patten thinks the flood was much more recent.
It's interesting that Professor Alexander Tollmann, a geologist,
also thinks the flood was around 12,000 years ago. However, he
thinks a large comet hit the Earth. He points to two discoveries
to back up his claim. Like Patten, he thinks part of the ozone
layer was destroyed at the time of Noah's flood.
"Ancient Secrets of the Bible" by Charles E. Sellier and Brian
Russell explains how God may have parted the Jordan River several
times as well as the Red Sea. Of course, I believe God performed
some miracles by intervening in the happenings on Earth by actually
altering matter through supernatural means. An example of God's
changing physical matter through supernatural means is when Jesus
left heaven and was conceived in and later born of the virgin Mary.
Some more examples are when Jesus multiplied the loafs and fishes,
when Jesus physically rose from the dead alive, and the sudden
appearance of Jesus in the midst of his disciples who were in a
closed room. Luke 1:26-35. John 1:1-14, 6:2-14, 2:19-22, 20:19.
Luke 24:33-43.
There are more catastrophic theories, evidences and authors at:
http://www.knowledge.co.uk/xxx/cat/sis/index.htm
http://www.knowledge.co.uk/xxx/cat/sis/resource.htm
The movies "Asteroid," "Armageddon," and "Deep Impact" can help one
visualize the fragmation and destruction an asteroid could cause.